personal narrative free essay sample

My mom and I were in the kitchen cooking dinner. As usual, I was standing on a little metal cow print stool I needed in order to reach the counter. Growing up, enchiladas were my favorite thing to make. My mom and I had a special way of preparing them and it became â€Å"our thing† to do with each other. Still to this day, we do things the same way. I put the cheese and meat filling in the enchilada, and she rolls them. Having this system made me realize how much I enjoyed spending time cooking. Ive always felt comfortable in the kitchen and anytime I havent known how to do something, I will look it up or use that as an excuse to sit around watching cooking shows. Growing up, my parents always talked about opening a bed and breakfast in the mountains. I never understood why they were interested in doing that. We will write a custom essay sample on personal narrative or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once I started cooking and baking it all became clear. It wasnt a job; it was a passion for my parents. Having a bed and breakfast was something my parents could do to pay the bills, enjoy life and give someone else a chance to do the same. One day we found a piece of property that was perfect. It had beautiful log cabins, a miniature water park and an algae infested pond. We couldnt afford the property at the time, and my parents just kind of let go of their dream. However, thats when I picked it up. Since then, Ive always dreamed of opening my own bakery or bed and breakfast where I could spend all of my time cooking and baking. If my parents had not spent the time teaching and helping me in the kitchen, I cant imagine what my life would be like. I am so grateful to have grown up in a food loving environment. Cooking and baking will always be a passion for me, whether its school, a job or just on my own time.

Free Essays on Native Americans

In this essay I will be describing the culture of Native Americans. In this essay I am focusing on certain aspects of their culture. I will be focusing on religion, marriage, rituals, homes, and even how they fought for their right to keep a certain aspect of their culture. In America our culture seems pretty normal. In this essay I hope you learn something about a different culture and try to understand how they lived. Before I get into the cultural aspect of all this, a brief history lesson is in order to help better understand the Native Americans. In case you did not know the Native Americans actually originated from America ( hint: the term Native Americans ). The Native Americans were already here when Columbus discovered America in 1492. The Native Americans inhabited most of the continent. When the English established the first colonies on the continent the Native Americans helped them to survive and to learn to live off the land. In doing this, a holiday was created and was known as Thanksgiving. Everybody got long great at first, but as time progressed more people began to come over and the Native Americans were eventually forced off their land in many bloody battles. This is not something we are proud of and are still an ongoing debate. This subject brings us right into our first topic Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving is an American holiday celebrated in November. Native Americans celebrate this holiday also and in lost tribes it is practiced around the same time. The holiday was first introduced when the English began to settle into the â€Å"New World† as they called it. In this holiday, the thing being celebrated is life, to be thankful for being alive. In our differences in culture almost cross at this point. The Native Americans celebrate this holiday in the same distinctive way. This usually consists of a feast with all people no matter your race, age, or sex. The ritual for the Nat... Free Essays on Native Americans Free Essays on Native Americans 1. Native Americans  § Theyendanega  § Medicine Crow  § Tecumseh Medicine Crow, whose name is more accurately translated as Sacred Raven, was born somewhere in the Musselshell country in 1848. Medicine Crow lived his first fifteen years like his father. As a boy he would hear children’s tales. Then came the reading of warrior’s deeds. Crow got trained to run, swim, wrestle, and hunt. He also learned secrets of nature. Crow dreamed of becoming a warrior and then a chief. As a youth of fifteen, Medicine Crow went on his first war party. He earned no honors but gained valuable experience. In the next nineteen years, he led the strong and often dangerous life of a Plains Indian warrior. For twelve of those years he was a war chief noted for his agility in hand-to-hand combat, his courage, and his dependability as a war party commander who usually brought his men back home not only safely but victoriously. Because of his dreams and the fact that his people saw his seemingly impossible visions come true, he was revered as a visionary medic ine man. 2. Indian Groups  § Iroquoise Tribe  § Apsaroke Tribe  § Hidasta Tribe The 1840’s were trail time for the Apsaroke tribe. During this time, the 1840’s the outbreak of smallpox had reduce the population of the Apsaroke. It had reduced the population from more then 8,000 to less then 1,000. The tribe had to be made strong again for fear that surrounding aggressive tribes succeed in finishing the job the deadly pox had begun. Although boys had to become men quickly, the youth of the Apsaroke tribe accepted the challenge. Many died, but those who survived became great warriors and wise chieftains. 3. American Indian events  § Battle of the Thames  § Battle of Tippecanoe  § Beaver Wars In 1811 General William Henry Harrison led an army against Prophet's Town on the Tippecanoe River in Indiana. . Harrison wanted to defeat the Indians before Tecumseh succeeded in un... Free Essays on Native Americans In this essay I will be describing the culture of Native Americans. In this essay I am focusing on certain aspects of their culture. I will be focusing on religion, marriage, rituals, homes, and even how they fought for their right to keep a certain aspect of their culture. In America our culture seems pretty normal. In this essay I hope you learn something about a different culture and try to understand how they lived. Before I get into the cultural aspect of all this, a brief history lesson is in order to help better understand the Native Americans. In case you did not know the Native Americans actually originated from America ( hint: the term Native Americans ). The Native Americans were already here when Columbus discovered America in 1492. The Native Americans inhabited most of the continent. When the English established the first colonies on the continent the Native Americans helped them to survive and to learn to live off the land. In doing this, a holiday was created and was known as Thanksgiving. Everybody got long great at first, but as time progressed more people began to come over and the Native Americans were eventually forced off their land in many bloody battles. This is not something we are proud of and are still an ongoing debate. This subject brings us right into our first topic Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving is an American holiday celebrated in November. Native Americans celebrate this holiday also and in lost tribes it is practiced around the same time. The holiday was first introduced when the English began to settle into the â€Å"New World† as they called it. In this holiday, the thing being celebrated is life, to be thankful for being alive. In our differences in culture almost cross at this point. The Native Americans celebrate this holiday in the same distinctive way. This usually consists of a feast with all people no matter your race, age, or sex. The ritual for the Nat...

Overview of the Haber-Bosch Process

Overview of the Haber-Bosch Process The Haber-Bosch process is a process that fixes nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia - a critical part in the manufacture of plant fertilizers. The process was developed in the early 1900s by Fritz Haber and was later modified to become an industrial process to make fertilizers by Carl Bosch. The Haber-Bosch process is considered by many scientists and scholars as one of the most important technological advances of the 20th century. The Haber-Bosch process is extremely important because it was the first of processes developed that allowed people to mass-produce plant fertilizers due to the production of ammonia. It was also one of the first industrial processes developed to use high pressure to create a chemical reaction (Rae-Dupree, 2011). This made it possible for farmers to grow more food, which in turn made it possible for agriculture to support a larger population. Many consider the Haber-Bosch process to be responsible for the Earths current population explosion as approximately half of the protein in todays humans originated with nitrogen fixed through the Haber-Bosch process (Rae-Dupree, 2011). History and Development of the Haber-Bosch Process By the period of industrialization the human population had grown considerably, and as a result, there was a need to increase grain production and agriculture started in new areas like Russia, the Americas and Australia (Morrison, 2001). In order to make crops more productive in these and other areas, farmers began to look for ways to add nitrogen to the soil, and the use of manure and later guano and fossil nitrate grew. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists, mainly chemists, began looking for ways to develop fertilizers by artificially fixing nitrogen the way legumes do in their roots. On July 2, 1909, Fritz Haber produced a continuous flow of liquid ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gases that were fed into a hot, pressurized iron tube over an osmium metal catalyst (Morrison, 2001). It was the first time anyone was able to develop ammonia in this manner. Later, Carl Bosch, a metallurgist and engineer, worked to perfect this process of ammonia synthesis so that it could be used on a world-wide scale. In 1912, construction of a plant with a commercial production capacity began at Oppau, Germany. The plant was capable of producing a ton of liquid ammonia in five hours and by 1914 the plant was producing 20 tons of usable nitrogen per day (Morrison, 2001). With the start of World War I, production of nitrogen for fertilizers at the plant stopped and manufacturing switched to that of explosives for trench warfare. A second plant later opened in Saxony, Germany to support the war effort. At the end of the war both plants went back to producing fertilizers. How the Haber-Bosch Process Works The process works today much like it originally did by using extremely high pressure to force a chemical reaction. It works by fixing nitrogen from the air with hydrogen from natural gas to produce ammonia (diagram). The process must use high pressure because nitrogen molecules are held together with strong triple bonds. The Haber-Bosch process uses a catalyst or container made of iron or ruthenium with an inside temperature of over 800 F (426 C) and a pressure of around 200 atmospheres to force nitrogen and hydrogen together (Rae-Dupree, 2011). The elements then move out of the catalyst and into industrial reactors where the elements are eventually converted into fluid ammonia (Rae-Dupree, 2011). The fluid ammonia is then used to create fertilizers. Today, chemical fertilizers contribute to about half of the nitrogen put into global agriculture, and this number is higher in developed countries. Population Growth and the Haber-Bosch Process Today, the places with the most demand for these fertilizers are also the places where the worlds population is growing the fastest. Some studies show that about 80 percent of the global increase in consumption of nitrogen fertilizers between 2000 and 2009 came from India and China (Mingle, 2013). Despite the growth in the worlds biggest countries, the large population growth globally since the development of the Haber-Bosch process shows how important it has been to changes in global population. Other Impacts and the Future of the Haber-Bosch Process The current process of nitrogen fixation is also not completely efficient, and a large amount is lost after it is applied to fields due to runoff when it rains and a natural gassing off as it sits in fields. Its creation is also extremely energy-intensive due to the high temperature pressure needed to break nitrogens molecular bonds. Scientists are currently working to develop more efficient ways to complete the process and to create more environmentally-friendly ways support the worlds agriculture and growing population.

War Against Terrorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

War Against Terrorism - Assignment Example The war is now affecting even the people who are not directly involved (non-combatants) in its path, and this leads one to question the constitutional rights being violated by the American war on Iraq. This paper will examine the constitutional issue being impacted by this war, and what can be done to eliminate all possible constitutional violations on both sides. After the 9/11 attacks, the American government opted to take away or amend some constitutional rights enjoyed by the American people. It is believed that after the attack, Americans were asked to give up some fundamental rights in order to address the war on terror. Due to fear and uncertainty, people were willing to give these up, not thinking of the future days. It is sad that free people had to give up their civil liberties in order to acquire temporary safety and liberty. This is what most people are up in arms against today, and if the continuous wars are anything to go by, more lobby groups are going to stand and fight for the long forgotten American freedoms. Sadly, America’s allies are also feeling the pressure placed on them by the United States, and are being forced to do the same in their home countries in order to ‘protect’ their citizens from unforeseen threats (Nabeel, Howell & Shryock, 2011). Internationally, the United States is affecting the constitutional rights of the Iraqi government and people by attacking their national sovereignty. There might be a pretext that there is fostered co-operation between the two nations, but this is only what the American government wants people to think. The Iraqi government may be strong-armed to accept the conditions of the American government, while its people are being killed and maimed in the name of the war on terror (Herman, 2011). The trammeling of rights on both sides is alarming, and with advancement in technological fields, there is no telling

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Case Study

Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Case Study Example This discussion stresses that a supply chain may not be used to only cut costs. Instead, it could also be used to increase revenues and hence profits. The costs could still remain the same. It gives an organization a competitive advantage against its competitors. It does not allow any sale to be lost. When the customer wants something, an effective supply chain would ensure that it is available. This increases the customer’s interest in the company and encourages brand loyalty. It also helps keep a close contact with the suppliers which ensures that maximum advantage can be gained out of doing business with them.This paper highlights that Zara is one of the largest brands, by the Inditex Fashion Retail Group, that has 723 stores in 56 countries making sales of Euro 3.8 billion. Zara has a very high product turnover. It makes more than 11,000 products annually. The annual report of Zara (Inditex) for the fiscal year 2006 covers all activities from February 2006 to January 2007. Zara opened 138 new stores during the past year, increasing its selling area by 15%. The sales were an increase of 21% at Euro 5,352 million. It earned net profit of Euro 1 billion an increase of 25%, was in contrast to last year’s profit. The sales in Europe, with exception to Spain, were 40.6% of the total. After considering all this impressive data and the number of shops, it is clear why a widespread company like Zara needs a supply chain which is efficient.... When the customer wants something, an effective supply chain would ensure that it is available. This increases the customer's interest in the company and encourages brand loyalty. It also helps keep a close contact with the suppliers which ensures that maximum advantage can be gained out of doing business with them. Zara is one of the largest brands, by the Inditex Fashion Retail Group, that has 723 stores in 56 countries making sales of Euro 3.8 billion (India Supply Chain Council, 2006). Zara has a very high product turnover. It makes more than 11,000 products annually. The annual report of Zara (Inditex) for the fiscal year 2006 covers all activities from February 2006 to January 2007. Zara opened 138 new stores during the past year, increasing its selling area by 15%. The sales were an increase of 21% at Euro 5,352 million. It earned net profit of Euro 1 billion (Safe G., 2007) an increase of 25%, was in contrast to last year's profit. The sales in Europe, with exception to Spain, were 40.6% of the total. (Inditex Annual Report, 2007) After considering all this impressive data and the number of shops, it is clear why a widespread company like Zara needs a supply chain which is efficient. Zara's fashion is based on imitation; it copies designs from the catwalk and other spots and brings them to their customers at low prices in as little as a couple of weeks. Since this is all the time that is given to them, the whole process of designing, ordering, producing and delivering the clothes to the stores must be quick and timely. If this is not done, Zara will not have enough new items to bring to the shelves (which is its technique) every two weeks. Since Zara does not advertise, this is the only way it can attract customers. When the

The Power and Influence of Advertising Essay Example for Free

The Power and Influence of Advertising Essay 1. Introduction The questionnaire has been designed to record respondents’ views on the power and influence of advertising in various media. The questionnaire consists of six questions, designed to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Five out of the six questions (questions 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6) are closed questions, suitable for the recording of quantitative data. Respondents are offered a selection of pre-written answers and choose the category or categories most suited to their profile or opinion. Questions 1 and 2 record respondents’ basic personal details, whilst ensuring that each respondent remains anonymous. Question 1 records the respondent’s sex, and produces nominal data. Question 2 asks respondents to select an age category. This is a preferable practice to asking respondents’ exact age, as people are occasionally unwilling to reveal this information, thus resulting in missing data. This question records ordinal quantitative data. Question 3 asks respondents to choose which form of media they consider to be the most powerful. The questionnaire allows a choice of three responses; â€Å"still image (magazines and newspapers)†, â€Å"still image (billboards)†, or â€Å"moving image (TV)†. This question records nominal quantitative data. Question 5 asks respondents to record whether or not a skilful advertising campaign would influence them to vote for a particular political party, purchase a particular product or brand, or revise their opinion on a specific issue or cause. Respondents are able to select as many or as few options as they wish. This question also records nominal data, as no chosen option is of a higher value than the others. Question 6 records ordinal quantitative data by asking respondents to gauge their opinion of how much they feel that they are influenced by advertising, in comparison to other people. Respondents have the option to choose from three options; â€Å"less than other people†, â€Å"more than other people†, or â€Å"about the same as other people†. In contrast, Question 4 is an open question, designed to allow respondents to elaborate on their perception of the power and influence of the specific media focussed on by the researchers. Naturally, this type of in-depth response contains far more detail, allowing an insight into the individual respondent’s feelings and opinions on the issue. The data provided by this type of question is also more difficult and time-consuming to analyse, as the analyst must sift through each response in detail. Qualitative data of this type could possibly be allocated to separate categories to allow a quantitative analysis, but this would lose any subtlety inherent in the detail, and the categories would offer a fairly crude interpretation of the responses. 2. Design Issues Although each researcher has asked all respondents exactly the same  questions, there are minor differences in the design layout of each researcher’s questionnaire. Researcher A lists all available options for each question on the questionnaire paper. He then records all quantitative responses with a YES or NO beside each respondent’s choices. Similarly, Researcher B also lists all available options for each question on the questionnaire paper. She then circles all respondents’ selected quantitative responses. Researcher C adopts a slightly different approach to recording his data. Except in the case of question 5, a multiple answer question, where all potential answer options are displayed on the questionnaire paper, Researcher C simply records each respondent’s answer to a single choice question below the appropriate question. Researcher C also attaches an alphabetical annotation to the available choices in question 5, apart from in the case of questionnaires 14 and 15. A survey designed to obtain data on the power and influence of advertising in various media could possibly be made more inclusive by including a question on advertising via the world wide web. 3. Results Each of the three researchers obtained 15 completed questionnaires. All quantitative and qualitative responses for each researcher’s questionnaires are detailed in appendices 1 (quantitative data) and 2 (qualitative data). A summary of responses, attributed to each researcher, is given below. 3.1 Quantitative Data 3.1.1 Sex Each researcher has gathered data from both male and female respondents. Researcher A’s responses are heavily biased towards female respondents; 3 males (20%) as compared to 12 females (80%). Both researcher B and Researcher C have achieved more of a balanced sample, with 6 male and 9 female respondents each (40% and 60% respectively). 3.1.2 Age Group The age range of respondents differs dramatically, depending on the researcher. Researcher A’s respondents are fairly evenly spread across the age range, with almost half the sample (46.6%) above the age of 40, and just over half the sample (53.3%) below the age of 40. Researcher B’s data also includes respondents from each age group, although the sample is heavily weighted towards respondents in the 18-25 group (53.3%). Researcher C’s data is far less representative of the complete age range, only containing respondents from the 18-25 and 26-30 age groups, and here it is heavily biased towards the 18-25 group (73.3%). This disparity of sex and age representation may have an effect on the subsequent responses for each researcher. 3.1.3 Most Powerful Form of Advertising The moving image (television) is regarded by the vast majority of all respondents as the most powerful form of advertising, regardless of age and gender. 73.3% of Researcher A’s respondents cited this as their preference, compared to 66.7% of Researcher B’s, and 80% of Researcher C’s respondents. Perhaps significantly, the very highest percentage preference recorded here is from Researcher C’s respondents, who are drawn exclusively from the youngest two age groups. Images in magazines or newspapers are cited by 2 of Researcher A’s respondents, and by 3 each of Researcher B’s and Researcher C’s respondents. Gender and age do not appear to have any strong influence over the data relating to magazines and newspapers, although no respondents are aged over 40. Researcher A’s respondents are both female, one aged between18-25 and the other aged between 31- 40. Researcher B’s respondents include a female aged between 26 -30, and two males from the 18 -25 age group. Researcher C’s respondents are all female, and within the 18-25 age group (unsurprisingly, as all of Researcher C’s respondents are drawn from the youngest two age groups). Images on billboards are only mentioned by 2 each of Researcher A’s and B’s respondents; the two sets of data that contain a wider representation of age ranges. The power of billboard advertising may be affected by a respondent’s age, as no respondent who cited this option is aged less than 26. Researcher A’s respondents are a female aged over 50, and a male from the 26-30 age group. Researcher B’s respondents are a male aged over 50, and a female aged between 31- 40. 3.1.4 The Persuasive Power of a Skilful Advertising Campaign Respondents are asked to state whether or not a skilful advertising campaign would have an influence on them in relation to three factors; voting for a specific political party, buying a particular brand or product, or revising an opinion in relation to a cause or issue. Researcher As and Bs sample groups identified voting for a specific political party as the factor most likely to be influenced by advertising (41.18% and 39.13% respectively). These are the two sample groups with the widest representation of age groups. 34.38% of Researcher Cs respondents identified this factor. An equal percentage of Researcher Cs respondents (34.38%) also identified revising an opinion in relation to an issue or campaign, compared to 27.94% of Researcher As respondents, and 33.33% of Researcher Bs respondents. 30.88% of Researcher As respondents identified influence over buying a brand or product, compared to 27.54% of Researcher Bs, and 31.25% of Researcher Cs (the group containing the youngest respondents) samples. 3.1.5 The Level of Influence as Compared to Other People The question of how much a respondent feels that they are influenced by advertising in relation to other people varies quite considerably by each researcher’s data. 80% of Researcher A’s respondents felt that they are influenced about the same as other people, whereas none felt that they were influenced more. Over half (53.3%) of Researcher B’s respondents felt that they are influenced about the same as other people, as opposed to 26.7% who felt that they are influenced less, and 20.0% who felt that they are influenced more than other people. Researcher C’s respondents are evenly split (33.3%) across all of the three options. Having said this, it is not possible to draw any meaningful conclusions from the data, as the sample sizes are extremely small and unrepresentative. These are, probably, all convenience samples (the researchers have delivered the questionnaire to colleagues, friends and family who they meet during the course of their weekly routine). It would be difficult to make any comparison between the three separate sets of survey data, as each researcher has obtained data from slightly differently weighted samples, as regards gender and age range. 3.2 Qualitative Data In the case of the qualitative responses, there is again variation between each researcher’s data. Researcher A’s qualitative data is extremely brief, mainly consisting of fairly short one sentence responses. The qualitative data obtained by Researcher C contains several slightly longer responses but, again, the majority are rather brief. The majority of Researcher B’s qualitative data responses are far more detailed. She has allowed her respondents to elaborate in their answers, recording the detail, resulting in potentially richer data for analysis. 3.2.1 Moving Image (TV) As discussed in section 3.2 above, the moving image is cited by an overwhelming majority of all respondents, from all three surveys, as the most powerful form of advertising. Researcher A’s respondents gave various reasons for this: †¢ Watching TV unconsciously enters your brain when relaxing. †¢ More real than still pictures. †¢ Music and talk-over help advertising. Researcher B’s respondents elaborated in more depth: †¢ I think it is because you start to desire that object, because you can see it in full detail, and you can see how it looks in 3-D. I think it is the most powerful way of advertising because generally people watch television every day, so will get to see these adverts more so than having to buy a magazine or drive by a billboard. †¢ My eyesight is not as good as it used to be, so I like to be able to hear the advert and what is being advertised. I like to sit down and watch television after I’ve been at work; it helps me to relax and I think that helps me to be drawn into the advert. Researcher B’s respondents show an awareness of the strategic placing of advertising within the television schedule: †¢ Because someone is talking to you, you are more likely to pay attention to the television because you are waiting for your programme to come on. †¢ Because certain companies advertise their products at different times according to how popular the programme is on television. Researcher C’s respondents highlight the passive role of the viewer: †¢ You get the advert’s message where all you have to do is watch. †¢ TV is entertaining to watch and so you’re more susceptible to the ideas adverts present but you don’t necessarily notice it because you’re being entertained. †¢ Because television is more easy to pay attention to than something like reading. Researcher C’s respondents also pinpoint the effects of advertising via an animated medium: †¢ It is interesting to watch television because theirs [sic] moving images and sounds that grab your attention. †¢ Because it uses sound and moving images to create an experience. 3.2.2 Still Image (Magazine or Newspaper) Still images in magazines and newspapers are the second most popular choice for respondents. Researcher A’s recorded responses are extremely brief, and therefore not particularly enlightening: †¢ Persuasive form of advertising. †¢ Colours. Researcher B’s responses are far more informative: Respondents state that: †¢ I think still images capture a moment or a feeling, and if you relate to that it can be powerful, whereas an advert can get lost in moving images, as there are so many more frames, plus a still image can really grab your attention. †¢ I think magazine adverts are quite powerful because you get to look at the picture and understand what is being advertised and what the purpose is for the advert. Also, in between lectures I read a lot of magazines so I get to see loads of adverts. Magazine adverts are nicely laid out and the colour helps sell the item. †¢ I tend to read a lot of magazines; it’s more to do with the fact that the images are stronger. I tend to look at pictures more than read articles. They have started to use black and white images again to make the product  more powerful, and it catches your attention. Researcher C’s respondents add: †¢ You are forced to look at the image because you’re already reading the magazine and, unlike TV, you can look [at] the images for as long as you want to. †¢ The way they use images to provoke certain thoughts. Often they use sex to sell products. †¢ The use of colourful imagery means that you pay attention. 3.2.3 Still Image (Billboard) Unsurprisingly, billboards are selected not only for their imposing physical presence, but also by several respondents who mention travel as part of their daily routine: †¢ I’m often on public transport†¦ they’re almost subliminal. I look at them because I don’t feel it’s as in my face as, say, TV. †¢ The adverts on billboards are very big and easy to read. I do a lot of travelling, so I am on the go all the time, so I pass many each day. When I am stuck in traffic it gives me something to look at. †¢ Billboard adverts are very powerful because they are on large scales, which means that it stands out†¦ billboard adverts are big, colourful and bold. A fourth respondent chooses this option, but states that: I don’t really like them†¦ Appendix 1: Quantitative Data 1. Researcher A Of the 15 completed questionnaires, all respondents answered all questions. Therefore, there is no missing data. Questions: 1.1 Are You†¦ †¢ Male3 (20%) †¢ Female 12 (80%) [pic] 1.2 Which Age Range Do You Fall Into? †¢ 18-25 2 (13.3%) †¢ 26-30 3 (20%) †¢ 31-40 3 (20%) †¢ 41-50 5 (33.3%) †¢ 50+ 2 (13.3%) [pic] 1.3 What Kind of Advertising Do You Find to Be the Most Powerful? †¢ Still Image (Newspaper or Magazine) 2 (13.3%) †¢ Still Image (Billboard) 2 (13.3%) †¢ Moving Image (TV) 11 (73.3%) [pic] 1.4 Are You More Likely to Do Any of the Following as a Result of a Skilful Advertising Campaign? †¢ Vote for a Particular Political Party (41.18%) †¢ Buy a Specific Brand or Product (30.88%) †¢ Issue or Campaign (27.94%) [pic] 1.5 Do You Think That Advertising Influences You †¦ †¢ Less than Other People 3 (20.0%) †¢ More than Other People 0 (0%) †¢ About the Same as Other People 12 (80%) [pic] 2. Researcher B Of the 15 completed questionnaires, all respondents answered all questions. Therefore, there is no missing data. 2.1 Are You†¦ †¢ Male6 (40%) †¢ Female 9 (60%) [pic] 2.2 Which Age Range Do You Fall Into? †¢ 18-25 8 (53.3%) †¢ 26-30 1 (6.7%) †¢ 31-40 2 (13.3%) †¢ 41-50 1 (6.7%) †¢ 50+ 3 (20.0%) [pic] 2.3 What Kind of Advertising Do You Find to Be the Most Powerful? †¢ Still Image (Newspaper or Magazine) 3 (20.0%) †¢ Still Image (Billboard) 2 (13.3%) †¢ Moving Image (TV) 10 (66.7%) [pic] 2.4 Are You More Likely to Do Any of the Following as a Result of a Skilful Advertising Campaign? †¢ Vote for a Particular Political Party (39.13%) †¢ Buy a Specific Brand or Product (27.54) †¢ Issue or Campaign (33.33) [pic] 2.5 Do You Think That Advertising Influences You †¦ †¢ Less than Other People 4 (26.7%) †¢ More than Other People 3 (20.0%) †¢ About the Same as Other People 8 (53.3%) [pic] 3. Researcher C Of the 15 completed questionnaires, all respondents answered all questions. Therefore, there is no missing data. 3.1 Are You†¦ †¢ Male6 (40%) †¢ Female 9 (60%) [pic] 3.2 Which Age Range Do You Fall Into? †¢ 18-25 11 (73.3%) †¢ 26-30 4 (26.7%) †¢ 31-40 0 (0%) †¢ 41-50 0 (0%) †¢ 50+ 0 (0%) [pic] 3.3 What Kind of Advertising Do You Find to Be the Most Powerful? †¢ Still Image (Newspaper or Magazine) 3 (20%) †¢ Still Image (Billboard) 0 (0%) †¢ Moving Image (TV) 12 (80%) [pic] 3.4 Are You More Likely to Do Any of the Following as a Result of a Skilful Advertising Campaign? †¢ Vote for a Particular Political Party (34.38%) †¢ Buy a Specific Brand or Product (31.25%) †¢ Issue or Campaign (34.38%) [pic] 3.5 Do You Think That Advertising Influences You †¦ †¢ Less than Other People 5 (33.3%) †¢ More than Other People 5 (33.3%) †¢ About the Same as Other People 5 (33.3%) [pic] Appendix 2: Qualitative Data Respondents are asked in question 3 to choose which forms of advertising she or he personally finds to be the most powerful, followed by question 4 (an open question) which asks: â€Å"What makes such images powerful†? 1. Researcher A Question:† What makes such images powerful†? 1. I don’t really like them†¦ (2) F, 5 2. I’m often on public transport†¦ they’re almost subliminal. I look at them because I don’t feel it’s as in my face as, say, TV. (2) M, 2 3. Link with reality, similar with reality. (3) F, 4 4. Persuasive form of advertising. (1) F, 1 5. Watching TV, unconsciously enters your brain when relaxing. (3) F, 3 6. More real than still pictures. (3) M, 3 7. Colours and strong personality. (3) F, 4 8. Movement. (3) M, 5 9. Message. Visual stimulation. (3) F, 4 10. Proof of a product to some extent. (3) F, 2 11. Colours. (1) F, 3 12. Stays in memory longer. (3) F, 4 13. Speech and actions (3) F, 2 14. Music and talk-over help advertising. (3) F, 3 15. Camera angles. (3) F, 1 2. Researcher B Question:† What makes such images powerful†? 1. I think it is because you start to desire that object, because you can see it in full detail, and you can see how it looks in 3-D. I think it is the most powerful way of advertising because generally people watch television every day, so will get to see these adverts more so than having to buy a magazine or drive by a billboard. (3) F, 1 2. Sometimes it’s the tune they play with the advert or the characters advertising the product. It tends to hold your attention more than the others. (3) F, 5 3. Because it gets your complete attention. You are sitting down and watching it, it’s not like you’re driving by it and can’t see the full detail of the advert. Also. Because having seen the product on a moving screen you then remember it more. (3) M, 5 4. I think still images capture a moment or a feeling, and if you relate to that it can be powerful, whereas an advert can get lost in moving images, as there are so many more frames, plus a still image can really grab your attention. (1) M, 1 5. Because you get to see a lot of adverts in a short space of time. (3) M, 1 6. I think because you get the sound with the advert it helps to catch your attention more, whereas a still image, you don’t. (3) F, 1 7. Because certain companies advertise their products at different times according to how popular the programme is on television. (3) M, 3 8. Because you get to incorporate sound as well, so it is not just a frozen image. (3) F, 1 9. I think magazine adverts are quite powerful because you get to look at the picture and understand what is  being advertised and what the purpose is for the advert. Also, in between lectures I read a lot of magazines so I get to see loads of adverts. Magazine adverts are nicely laid out and the colour helps sell the item. (1) F, 2 10. Billboard adverts are very powerful because they are on large scales, which means that it stands out and therefore it grabs my attention more than, say, little adverts in a magazine. Also I get bored of watching adverts on television, so they need to be striking and billboard adverts are big, colourful and bold. (2) F, 3 11. I tend to read a lot of magazines; it’s more to do with the fact that the images are stronger. I tend to look at pictures more than read articles. They have started to use black and white images again to make the product more powerful, and it catches your attention. (1) M, 1 12. My eyesight is not as good as it used to be, so I like to be able to hear the advert and what is being advertised. I like to sit down and watch television after I’ve been at work; it helps me to relax and I think that helps me to be drawn into the advert. (3) F, 4 13. Because someone is talking to you, you are more likely to pay attention to the television because you are waiting for your programme to come on. (3) F, 1 14. They use lots of colours and are appealing to the eye. You are more likely to watch television and pay attention to the adverts, whereas if you see it on a billboard or magazine then you are just glancing at it and not actually paying much attention. (3) F, 1 15. The adverts on billboards are very big and easy to read. I do a lot of travelling, so I am on the go all the time, so I pass many each day. When I am stuck in traffic it gives me something to look at. (2) M, 5 3. Researcher C Question:† What makes such images powerful†? 1. You are forced to look at the image because you’re already reading the magazine and, unlike TV, you can look [at] the images for as long as you want to. (1) M, 1 2. The way they use images to provoke certain thoughts. Often they use sex to sell products. (1) F, 1 3. Because television is more easy to pay attention to than something like reading. (3) F, 2 4. It is interesting to watch television because theirs [sic] moving images and  sounds that grab your attention. (3) F, 1 5. You get the advert’s message where all you have to do is watch. (3) F, 1 6. A lot of adverts are made to be enjoyable and entertain. (3) M, 1 7. Their [sic] more interesting than something in a magazine. (3) F, 1 8. It’s fun to watch. They use ideas that will appeal to certain people. (3) M, 2 9. It is interesting to watch. (3) F, 2 10. The use of colourful imagery means that you pay attention. (1) F, 1 11. Thoughts are presented to you particularly when you are waiting for a programme to come on, and so your [sic] forced to pay attention to them whereas reading it requires effort. (3) M, 2 12. Because it uses sound and moving images to create an experience. (3) F, 1 13. It’s like watching real life. (3) F, 1 14. TV is entertaining to watch and so you’re more susceptible to the ideas adverts present but you don’t necessarily notice it because you’re being entertained. (3) M, 1 15. TV is fun to watch. (3) M, 1

Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? :: Media, Violent Video Games

Does playing video games cause aggressive behavior? Because children and teenagers spend an increased amount of time each day playing video games, they are shaping their values, attitudes, and behaviors. For people who do act out aggressively, the results can be deadly. Monthly, the news is filled with blood-chilling accounts of crimes committed due to a copy-cat obsession with violent video games. This paper will present a brief review of literature and reveal the difficulties in answering this question with certainty. For the past 40 years, since the first video games were created, the gaming industry has developed games that would surpass other games before it. Since the late 1970’s, when the first two games of â€Å"Pacman† and â€Å"Space Invaders† were created, video games have changed tremendously over time. The late 1970’s through the 1980’s video game makers used what was called an 8-bit graphic system, which limited many features they could put in video games (Porter & Starcevic, 2007). Violence was not realistic, blood was not red, and so violence in video games was not incorporated into the new games that appeared on the market. In the early 1990’s, video game makers began using a 16-bit graphic system which would enable them to incorporate much more detail of violence and blood into video games. This caused an increase in violent video game demand and an increase in realistic violent events incorporated into these games (Porter & Starcevic , 2007). With technology in video games enhanced, the productivity on violent videos games moved up as well. When a game called ‘Mortal Kombat’ was released in the early 1990’s with a gruesome death seen in the game, the US Congress had to intervene. They told the gaming industry they had to come up with an accurate grading system to rate the games on age-appropriateness and content-appropriateness. This brought on the â€Å"Entertainment Software Rating Board.† While rating each video game and posting that rate on them has improved access by small children, teens and young adults can still buy and view very violent scenes(Porter & Starcevic, 2007). In 2007, there was a tragic event at Virginia Tech University. A young man by the name of Seung Hui Cho went on a rampage on the campus and killed a total of â€Å"32 students and faculty† (Ferguson, 2007).

Human Memory Essay

The human memory is that part of our brains that has the capacity to receive, store, and retrieve information. It is comprised of not one but three types: sensory, short term, and long term. Generally, the process involves receiving information or stimulus from the environment. The stimulus is then received by the sensory memory. Then the information, which is converted into electrical impulses, is passed through the short-term memory, and finally, the long-term memory through the neurons. Sensory A stimuli that is sensed or received by one of the five sense organs are received by the sensory memory, which acts as a protective barrier. There are different types of sensory memory, one for each sense organ. For the visual stimuli that are registered by the eyes, the sensory memory is called iconic. Stimuli that passes through the ears are received by the echoic memory. And the haptic memory is for stimuli that are felt or touched. A stimulus reaches the sensory memory between two hundred and five hundred milliseconds after it was perceived. An example of sensory memory is the ability to remember how something looks like even if you were able to see it for only a few seconds. Based on research, sensory memory is able to retain about 12 items in a very short period of time. Interruption in the smooth relay of sensory information can be caused by problems in the neurons . If there are some neurons that do not connect or there are imbalances, then information flow will stop or will be delayed. Short-Term Information that reaches the sensory memory are transferred to the short-term memory. This type of memory allows retention of information for up to 60 seconds. While it can remember information far longer than the sensory memory, the short-term memory can only retain up to five items. To increase the number of items that the short-term memory can remember, studies showed that grouping or chunking the items into three have been found very useful. Short-term memory will degrade if a person experiences chronic pain or drinks constantly. It can be enhanced through aerobic exercises because of the increased oxygen in the brain. Long-Term After information has passed through the short-term memory, it is then transferred to the long-term memory for storage and for retrieval in the future. Contrary to the two previous memories, the long-term memory can hold information indefinitely, sometimes for a lifetime. Information becomes ingrained in the memory through repetition or rehearsal. For instance, the alphabets has been constantly repeated to young children in order for them to remember each letter. As a result, knowledge of them will remain etched in memory forever. Long-term memory degrades through certain illnesses. It can be improved through constant intellectual stimulation and rehearsal. Long-term memory groups information into facts and skills. Facts is further classified into two: the episodic and semantic. As their names suggests, episodic refers to events that are stored in the memory. All the others are stored in the semantic memory. Skills, on the other hand, is about learned information that needs to be recalled to perform certain actions. The processes involved in the long-term memory are retention, retrieval and deletion. Retention is achieved when there is rehearsal. Deletion happens when there is interference. Retrieval can occur through recall and sometimes, through recognition. When the information is remembered from memory, it is called recall. If there are promptings and cues to remember an information, it is called recognition. Interference Interference is defined as the inability to recall an information because certain items or events interfere with the process. Proactive interference occurs when previous learnings will make it difficult to remember new ones. On the other hand, retroactive interference occurs when new learnings make it difficult or impossible to recall past information. While studying, information gets jumbled in the student’s mind because there are too many to recall. To improve absorption and recall, it is important to rehearse the information over a period of time. This could be done by reading the day’s lessons and memorizing the salient points before going to sleep. If the student will make this a habit, he won’t need to cram everything in his head a few days before the exam. By constantly rehearsing, the retention and retrieval will become easy. Other Factors That Could Affect Memory Age is one factor that could make a person forget an information or make it difficult to retrieve it from its storage. Like any other part of the body, the brain also degrades if it is not constantly in use. Injuries, traumas, medicines, and diseases could also affect memory storage and retrieval. For example, a tumor in the brain can interrupt the flow of electrical impulses, resulting to memory loss. Or a trauma caused by accident could result to sensory memory loss in one part of the body. To improve and maintain a good memory, it is always important to keep on exercising the mind as well as the body. When the mind is seldom used, it degenerates. Reading, learning and engaging in intellectual discourses would keep the mind active. References Gailbuck. (2007). Delving Into the Autistic Brain – Part 1. HubPages. Retrieved August 14, 2008, from http://hubpages.com/hub/autism-sensory-processing Human Memory. Retrieved August 14, 2008, from http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/human- cap/memory.html Mohs, R. How to Improve Your Memory. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved August 15, 2008, from

Digital Fortress Chapter 23

Susan sat alone in the plush surroundings of Node 3. She nursed a lemon mist herb tea and awaited the return of her tracer. As senior cryptographer, Susan enjoyed the terminal with the best view. It was on the back side of the ring of computers and faced the Crypto floor. From this spot, Susan could oversee all of Node 3. She could also see, on the other side of the one-way glass, TRANSLTR standing dead-center of the Crypto floor. Susan checked the clock. She had been waiting almost an hour. American Remailers Anonymous was apparently taking their time forwarding North Dakota's mail. She sighed heavily. Despite her efforts to forget her morning conversation with David, the words played over and over in her head. She knew she'd been hard on him. She prayed he was okay in Spain. Her thoughts were jarred by the loud hiss of the glass doors. She looked up and groaned. Cryptographer Greg Hale stood in the opening. Greg Hale was tall and muscular with thick blond hair and a deep cleft chin. He was loud, thick-fleshed, and perpetually overdressed. His fellow cryptographers had nicknamed him â€Å"Halite†-after the mineral. Hale had always assumed it referred to some rare gem-paralleling his unrivaled intellect and rock-hard physique. Had his ego permitted him to consult an encyclopedia, he would have discovered it was nothing more than the salty residue left behind when oceans dried up. Like all NSA cryptographers, Hale made a solid salary. However, he had a hard time keeping that fact to himself. He drove a white Lotus with a moon roof and a deafening subwoofer system. He was a gadget junkie, and his car was his showpiece; he'd installed a global positioning computer system, voice-activated door locks, a five-point radar jammer, and a cellular fax/phone so he'd never be out of touch with his message services. His vanity plate read megabyte and was framed in violet neon. Greg Hale had been rescued from a childhood of petty crime by the U.S. Marine Corps. It was there that he'd learned about computers. He was one of the best programmers the Marines had ever seen, well on his way to a distinguished military career. But two days before the completion of his third tour of duty, his future suddenly changed. Hale accidentally killed a fellow Marine in a drunken brawl. The Korean art of self-defense, Tae kwon do, proved more deadly than defensive. He was promptly relieved of his duty. After serving a brief prison term, Halite began looking for work in the private sector as a programmer. He was always up front about the incident in the marines, and he courted prospective employers by offering a month's work without pay to prove his worth. He had no shortage of takers, and once they found out what he could do with a computer, they never wanted to let him go. As his computer expertise grew, Hale began making Internet connections all over the world. He was one of the new breed of cyberfreaks with E-mail friends in every nation, moving in and out of seedy electronic bulletin boards and European chat groups. He'd been fired by two different employers for using their business accounts to upload pornographic photos to some of his friends. â€Å"What are you doing here?† Hale demanded, stopping in the doorway and staring at Susan. He'd obviously expected to have Node 3 to himself today. Susan forced herself to stay cool. â€Å"It's Saturday, Greg. I could ask you the same question.† But Susan knew what Hale was doing there. He was the consummate computer addict. Despite the Saturday rule, he often slipped into Crypto on weekends to use the NSA's unrivalled computing power to run new programs he was working on. â€Å"Just wanted to re-tweak a few lines and check my E-mail,† Hale said. He eyed her curiously. â€Å"What was it you said you're doing here?† â€Å"I didn't,† Susan replied. Hale arched a surprised eyebrow. â€Å"No reason to be coy. We have no secrets here in Node 3, remember? All for one and one for all.† Susan sipped her lemon mist and ignored him. Hale shrugged and strode toward the Node 3 pantry. The pantry was always his first stop. As Hale crossed the room, he sighed heavily and made a point of ogling Susan's legs stretched out beneath her terminal. Susan, without looking up, retracted her legs and kept working. Hale smirked. Susan had gotten used to Hale hitting on her. His favorite line was something about interfacing to check the compatibility of their hardware. It turned Susan's stomach. She was too proud to complain to Strathmore about Hale; it was far easier just to ignore him. Hale approached the Node 3 pantry and pulled open the lattice doors like a bull. He slid a Tupperware container of tofu out of the fridge and popped a few pieces of the gelatinous white substance in his mouth. Then he leaned on the stove and smoothed his gray Bellvienne slacks and well-starched shirt. â€Å"You gonna be here long?† â€Å"All night,† Susan said flatly. â€Å"Hmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Halite cooed with his mouth full. â€Å"A cozy Saturday in the Playpen, just the two of us.† â€Å"Just the three of us,† Susan interjected. â€Å"Commander Strathmore's upstairs. You might want to disappear before he sees you.† Hale shrugged. â€Å"He doesn't seem to mind you here. He must really enjoy your company.† Susan forced herself to keep silent. Hale chuckled to himself and put away his tofu. Then he grabbed a quart of virgin olive oil and took a few swigs. He was a health fiend and claimed olive oil cleaned out his lower intestine. When he wasn't pushing carrot juice on the rest of the staff, he was preaching the virtues of high colonics. Hale replaced the olive oil and went to down his computer directly opposite Susan. Even across the wide ring of terminals, Susan could smell his cologne. She crinkled her nose. â€Å"Nice cologne, Greg. Use the entire bottle? Hale flicked on his terminal. â€Å"Only for you, dear.† As he sat there waiting for his terminal to warm up, Susan had a sudden unsettling thought. What if Hale accessed TRANSLTR's Run-Monitor? There was no logical reason why he would, but nonetheless Susan knew he would never fall for some half-baked story about a diagnostic that stumped TRANSLTR for sixteen hours. Hale would demand to know the truth. The truth was something Susan had no intention of telling him. She did not trust Greg Hale. He was not NSA material. Susan had been against hiring him in the first place, but the NSA had had no choice. Hale had been the product of damage control. The Skipjack fiasco. Four years ago, in an effort to create a single, public-key encryption standard, Congress charged the nation's best mathematicians, those at the NSA, to write a new super algorithm. The plan was for Congress to pass legislation that made the new algorithm the nation's standard, thus alleviating the incompatibilities now suffered by corporations that used different algorithms. Of course, asking the NSA to lend a hand in improving public-key encryption was somewhat akin to asking a condemned man to build his own coffin. TRANSLTR had not yet been conceived, and an encryption standard would only help to proliferate the use of code-writing and make the NSA's already difficult job that much harder. The EFF understood this conflict of interest and lobbied vehemently that the NSA might create an algorithm of poor quality-something it could break. To appease these fears, Congress announced that when the NSA's algorithm was finished, the formula would be published for examination by the world's mathematicians to ensure its quality. Reluctantly, the NSA's Crypto team, led by Commander Strathmore, created an algorithm they christened Skipjack. Skipjack was presented to Congress for their approval. Mathematicians from all over the world tested Skipjack and were unanimously impressed. They reported that it was a strong, untainted algorithm and would make a superb encryption standard. But three days before Congress was to vote their certain approval of Skipjack, a young programmer from Bell Laboratories, Greg Hale, shocked the world by announcing he'd found a back door hidden in the algorithm. The back door consisted of a few lines of cunning programming that Commander Strathmore had inserted into the algorithm. It had been added in so shrewd a way that nobody, except Greg Hale, had seen it. Strathmore's covert addition, in effect, meant that any code written by Skipjack could be decrypted via a secret password known only to the NSA. Strathmore had come within inches of turning the nation's proposed encryption standard into the biggest intelligence coup the NSA had ever seen; the NSA would have held the master key to every code written in America. The computer-savvy public was outraged. The EFF descended on the scandal like vultures, ripping Congress to shreds for their naivete and proclaiming the NSA the biggest threat to the free world since Hitler. The encryption standard was dead. It had come as little surprise when the NSA hired Greg Hale two days later. Strathmore felt it was better to have him on the inside working for the NSA than on the outside working against it. Strathmore faced the Skipjack scandal head-on. He defended his actions vehemently to Congress. He argued that the public's craving for privacy would come back to haunt them. He insisted the public needed someone to watch over them; the public needed the NSA to break codes in order to keep the peace. Groups like the EFF felt differently. And they'd been fighting him ever since.

race for world war 1 essays

race for world war 1 essays The Space Race grew out of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, the most powerful nations after World War II. For a half-century, the two superpowers competed for primacy in a global struggle pitting a democratic society against totalitarian communism. Space was a crucial arena for this rivalry. Before a watchful world, each side sought to demonstrate its superiority through impressive feats in rocketry and spaceflight. Secret satellites kept a wary eye on the adversary. As the Space Race began, the United States and the Soviet Union were building rockets to use as long-range weapons. The United States initially favored bombers, but the Soviets preferred missiles and thus took an early lead in rocket technology. The spectacular public feats by the men and machines of two countries Racing to the Moon and Exploring the Moon thrilled the entire world with the enduring " firsts" of space exploration. At 1969, the Americans successfully landed on the moon. Ironically, the Russians shot out the first satellite to space before we made the remarkable landing on the moon. If tested on achievements, USA probably got the trophy. However, the Russians are the first to make the moves. At the end of the Cold War, the United States and Russia agreed to build a space station and pursue other joint ventures in space. A contest that began in fear and enmity has become a partnership. Created in 1949, NATO's main purpose is "Let Americans in, the Russians out, the Germans down", it's no doubt, the Soviet threat was central to NATO's creation and growth. It involved a collective identity, shared at many different levels (ideological, political, economic, and social) by its members, as well as the recognition of an opposing identity that gave meaning and direction to their efforts. As an alliance NATO is highly institutionalized, with excellent decision-making procedures and an extensive supporting bureaucracy. NATO als ...

9 Famous Types of Editing That Every Author Should Know

9 Famous Types of Editing That Every Author Should Know 9 Types of Editing: A Guide for Authors For any writer, the world of professional editing can be very intimidating - especially when trying to figure out what kinds of editors you need and how to find good ones for your project. Indeed, there are so many types of editing out there, it’s enough to make anyone’s head spin!But this process doesn’t have to be so overwhelming. In this guide, we’ll take you through all the different types of editing, what each one entails, and how they relate to one another. Plus we’ll provide insight from our own expert editors on what these types can do for you as a writer! Ready to get started? 9 types of editing how to apply them to your manuscript  Ã°Å¸â€œ  What are the 9 types of editing?1. Developmental editingDevelopmental editing, also called content or substantive editing, involves an editor providing detailed feedback on â€Å"big-picture† issues. They’ll refine your ideas, shape your narrative, and help you fix any major plot or character inconsistencies. Basically, they’ll look at just about every element of your story and tell you what works and what doesn’t.â€Å"For a developmental edit, I look at some of the larger questions,† says editor Mary-Theresa Hussey. â€Å"Why are the characters behaving as they do? What are their motivations? Do these scenes add to the overall story? What is your underlying theme and how does it change?†As we said, this is typically the first step in the editing process. After all, you don’t want to get your manuscript proofed or formatted if you haven’t even fleshed out the plot yet! A developmental editor will make sure your story’s u p to snuff before moving forward, so you don’t end up copy-correcting work that’s just going to get thrown out anyway.What do you get out of a developmental edit?There are two pieces here that your editor should provide: an editorial report and an annotated manuscript.The editorial report is a general critique of everything your developmental editor thinks you should change, along with commentary on what’s functioning well and should stay in your work. Meanwhile, the annotated manuscript is a marked-up version of the manuscript itself, with specific suggestions as to how you can fix each issue. You might think of the annotated manuscript as the editor’s raw feedback and the editorial report as a summary of that feedback.2. Editorial assessmentOn the other hand, if your manuscript isn’t quite ready yet for a developmental edit, but you still want to get some feedback on it, you can always call for an editorial assessment.â€Å"In an editorial asses sment, the author wouldn’t receive comments and example rewrites in the manuscript,† says genre fiction editor Leah Brown. â€Å"Instead, they would receive a letter that focuses on the broad strokes. An editorial assessment is best for an author who is early in the process and whose manuscript may be messier.†So an editorial assessment is similar to an editorial report, but with less detail. It should give you some concrete ideas about how to construct your story. However, it won’t have the nuance of a full developmental edit, so don’t rely on an assessment alone to perfect your manuscript.3. Structural editing Make sure that structure's solid before you build on it! (Image: Michael Eggerl on Unsplash)4. Copy editingOnce you’re certain that you’ve solved the big-picture issues of your book and done any necessary rewrites, it’s time to dive into copy editing! This type is also known as mechanical and sometimes line editing, depending on its particular application.â€Å"A copy editor’s job is to bring the author’s completed manuscript to a more professional level,† says editor Chersti Nieveen. â€Å"A copy edit helps create the most readable version of your book, improving clarity, coherency, consistency, and correctness. The goal is to bridge any remaining gaps between the author’s intent and the reader’s understanding.†What elements do copy editors consider?A copy editor examines and corrects the following elements in your work:SpellingGrammarCapitalizationWord usage and repetitionDialogue tagsUsage of numbers or numeralsPOV/ten se (to fix any unintentional shifts)Descriptive inconsistencies (character descriptions, locations, blocking, etc.)Essentially, while a developmental editor will address overarching issues with your story, the copy editor looks at more minute details. After all, it’d be pretty distracting to your reader if you constantly misuse dialogue tags or misspell the word â€Å"restaurant.† Copy editing ensures that errors like these don’t happen, so your writing is as strong as possible, and your reader remains 100% focused on the story.5. Line editingPeople often use this term synonymously with copy editing, but they’re not exactly the same. To clarify: line editing focuses specifically on the content and flow of your prose. It’s also called stylistic editing, since it concentrates on style rather than mechanics.In other words, it still falls under the umbrella of copy editing, but it’s more precise. While a full copy edit looks at all of the elemen ts listed in the bullets above, a line edit would only take word usage, POV/tense, and descriptive inconsistencies into account, and provide more detailed suggestions as to how to strengthen the prose itself.Obviously, spelling, grammar, and other mechanical elements are critical, but a line edit would not attend to these so much as to creative content. If you feel incredibly confident about the mechanics of your prose but less so about its flow and style, you might request that your copy editor focus their energy on line editing alone. After all, a proofreader can always catch any minor errors that slip through the cracks. Copy vs. line editing: what's the difference? Find out here! 🔎 And speaking of proofreaders...6. Proofreading 9 Types of Editing: A Guide for Authors Read post There are plenty of ways to self-edit or  build a team of insightful beta readers who can provide you with an outside perspective. But if you intend to become a successful author (whatever that means to you), there’s no replacement for professional assistance and correct procedure when it comes to editing. With this in mind, you’re ready to go forth and conquer - the world of editing, that is!Have you ever had a professional edit done on your work? If so, tell us about it in the comments below!

Wk 7 Forum- Business Statement and Mgmt Plan Assignment

Wk 7 Forum- Business Statement and Mgmt Plan - Assignment Example The company president responsible for the day to day running of the company directs business strategy and reports directly to the board. The various vice presidents and heads of departments directly supervise business activities in the various departments and units to ensure compliance to the long-term goals and vision. The key functions of personnel management, procurement, business activities, relations to the community and entire world are charged on the heads of departments who through the directors eventually report to the board. We prefer a collaborative style of management in which everyone participates and contributes to major decisions as well as those affecting them directly. Every person has the required authority to carry out their responsibilities and perform their work effectively. This way everyone feels appreciated as part of the company; has freedom to be creative and innovative and pressure comes from competition by peers to perform